Back Issues of TMS Journal Available
The following lists back issues of TMS Journal by Volume and Number. See Journal Keywords to search for papers by area of interest.
Back issues of TMS Journals are available from the TMS Office at the following rates:
| Journal Volume* | Member Price | Nonmember Price |
| 1 -9* | $12.00 | $17.50 |
| 10-12 | $15.00 | $25.00 |
| 13 - 23* | $15.00 | $30.00 |
Individual articles can also be ordered by members for $5.00 and by nonmembers for $7.50. All prices subject to change without notice. TMS Members may also access recent TMS Journals via the Member’s Area of the website.
*Because we no longer have copies of Vol.2, No2, Vol. 4, No. 2 and Vol 17, No. 1, photocopies of these Journal will be provided.
Vol. 1, No. 1, January-June, 1981
· Prelaid Masonry Panels on Multi-story Buildings, K. Bailey
· Yugoslavian Research Conference on Earthquake Engineering, J. E. Amrhein
· Glossary of Masonry Terms
· A Practical Methodology for the Design of Masonry Walls, J. Colville
· Effect of the Aspect Ratio of the Unit on Flexural Tensile Strength of Brick Masonry, A. Hamid
· Modern Masonry Structures and Their Weather Resistance, P. T. Mikluchin
Vol. 1, No. 2, July-December, 1981
· Slender Walls Research Program by California Structural Engineers, J.E. Amrhein
· Distribution of Lateral Forces in Multistory Masonry Shear Wall Systems, L. Cerny and C. Baldridge
· Analysis of the Diametral Masonry Core Shear Test Specimen, R. H. Atkinson
· Torsional Strength of Brick Masonry Joints, A. A. Hamid and M. E. Tate
· Ductility of Unconfined and Confined Concrete Masonry Shear Walls, M. J. N. Priestly
Vol. 2 No. 1, January-June, 1982
· A Truly Heavy Hobby, R. P. Anjaro, SR.
· Measured Earthquake Response of a Concrete Block Masonry Shear Wall Building, G. C. Hart and S. C. Huang
Vol. 2 No. 2, January-June, 1983
· Behavior of Hollow Concrete Masonry Prisms Under Axial Load and Bending, I. J. Besica and H.G. Harris
· Measurment of the Creep Strain Distribution in an Axially Loaded Brickwork Wall, D. Warren and D. Lenczner
Vol. 2, No. 3, July-December, 1983
· Variability of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beam Strength in Flexure and Shear, H. Keller and G.T. Suter
· Behavior of Floor-to-Wall Connections in Concrete Masonry Buildings, A. Anuar, S.K. Arya and G.A. Hegemier
· An Earthquake Design Equation for Shear Walls in Shear, G.C. Hart, S.C. Huang, R.E. Englekirk, and S. Dow
Vol. 3 No. 1, January-June, 1984
· An Overview of Research Projects on Strengthening Masonry Buildings in the United States, J. B. Scalzi
· ASTM Standards for the Masonry Industry, J. Heslip
· Nonparametric Tests of Energy Consumption in Brick Frame Residences, J. Dituri, R. E. Turley and W. J. Kennedy
· Failure of Acrylic Paint and Sealers over Stone and Brick Masonry, S. L. Marusin
Vol. 3, No. 2, July-December, 1984
· Long Beach 1333 – Coalinga 1983 But with a Difference, J. E. Amrhein and J. A. Giron
· Hurricane Alicia Tests Materials in Materials in Houston’s Skyline, J. G. Borchelt and F.S. Pongette
· Investigation of the Interface between Brick and Mortar, G. W. Chase
· Effect of Grouting on the Flexural Tensile Strength of Concrete Block Masonry, R. G. Drysdale and A.A. Hamid
Vol. 4 No. 1, January-June, 1985
· Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Moment-Resisting Frames, M. J. N. Priestly and C. Yuk Han
· Bond Characteristics of Sand-Molded Brick Masonry, A. A. Hamid
Vol. 4, No. 2, July-December, 1985
· Masonry 1990 – An Australian Seminar on Research Needs, J. C. Scrivener
· Mexico Earthquakes – September 1985, J. E. Amrhein, J. Anderson and V. Robles
· A History of Reinforced Masonry Construction Designed to Resist Earthquakes: 1755-1907, S. Tobriner
Vol. 5, No. 1, January-June, 1986
· U.S. – PRC Workshop on Seismic Design of Masonry Structures, D. Abrams
· First U.S. – Italy Workshop on Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Masonry Structures, J. Noland
· Bond Iron and the Birth of Anti Seismic Reinforced Masonry Construction in San Francisco, S. Tobriner
· Effloresence: Cause and Control, M. Merrigan
· Wind Loading Mechanisms on Masonry Construction, K. Mehta and J. Minor
· Dynamic Thermal Analysis of Masonry Wall Systems, A, Hamid and C. Tansler
Vol. 5, No. 2, July-December, 1986
· Optimum High Lime Mortar Mixes for the Pacific Northwest, J. Mendes
· Flexural Strength of Rectangular Unconfined Masonry Shear Walls with Distributed Reinforcement, M.J.N. Priestley
· Applied Stress Equations – Walls with Axial Load Combined with Bending Moment, J.G. Tawresey
· Limit State Strength Design Criteria for One to Four Story Reinforced Concrete Masonry Buildings, G.C. Hart, R.E. Englekirk and T.A. Sabol
· Stress Distributions in Hollow Masonry Due to Concentrated Loading, K.W. Simbeya, A.E. McMullen, E.L. Jessop, and N.G. Shrive
Vol. 6, No. 1, January-June, 1987
· Research-At What Price?, J.B. Scalzi
· Effect of Long Term Deformations on Brick Masonry: A Nonlinear Analysis, E.M.F. Naguib and G.T. Suter
· Bond Stress Slip in Masonry Reinforced with Spliced Reinforcement, Z. Soric and L.G. Tulin
· Universal Elastic Flexural Design Technique for Reinforced Masonry, J.E. Amrhein
Vol. 6, No. 2, July-December, 1987
· A Review of the U.S. Coordinated Program for Masonry Building Research, J.L. Noland
· Could Masonry Wall Design Codes Be Improved?, R.F. Campbell, Sr.
· The Japanese 5 Story Full Scale Reinforced Concrete Masonry Test – Design and Construction of the Test Specimen, F. Seible, T. Okada, Y. Yamazaki, and M. Teshigawara
· The Japanese 5 Story Full Scale Reinforced Concrete Masonry Test – Loading and Instrumentation of the Test Building, F. Seible, Y. Yamazaki, T. Kaminosono, and M. Teshigawara
· Masonry Panel Wall Design, C.T. Grimm
· Technical Note: Concentrated Loads on Hollow Masonry-Load Dispersion Through Bond Beams, A.W. Page and N.G. Shrive
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June, 1988
· The Japanese 5 Story Full Scale Reinforced Concrete Masonry Test – Forced Vibration and Cyclic Load Test Results, Y. Yamazaki, F. Seible, H. Mizuna, T. Kaminosono, and M. Teshigawara
· Dynamic and Static Testing of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Structures, D. Abrams
· Characterization of Mortars and Plasters from Ancient Monuments of Milan (Italy), G. Baronio and L. Binda Y. Yamazaki,
Vol. 7, No. 2, July-December, 1988
· The Japanese 5 Story Full Scale Reinforced Concrete Masonry Test – Pseudo Dynamic and Ultimate Load Test Results, Y. Yamazaki, T. Kaminosono, M. Teshigawara, and F. Seible
· The Use of Confinement Steel to Increase the Ductility in Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Walls, G. Hart, J. Noland, G. Kingsley, R. Englekirk, and N, Sajjad
· Cost Differences Among Fire Separations in Multiunit Residential Buildings, R.I. Carr
Vol. 8, No. 1, January-June, 1989
· Survey into Motives for Choosing Reinforced Concrete over Loadbearing Masonry for Residential Buildings, K. Medallah
· Probable Performance of Reinforced Masonry Shearwalls Conforming to Current Seismic Requirements, J. Kariotis and A. M. El-Mustapha
· Residential Basement Walls: Problems and Solutions, D. R. Eimer and D.D. Bell
· Analytical Stress-Strain Curves for Grouted Concrete Masonry, G.C. Hart, N. Sajjad, G.R. Kingsley and J.L. Noland
Vol. 8, No. 2, July-December, 1989
· Engineered Aseismic Masonry Veneers, D. Allen
· Effect of Properties of Steel on the Flexural Behavior of Joint Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, A. A. Hamid and C. Chai-Calabria
· Limit States Design Criteria for Minimum Flexural Steel in Concrete Masonry Beams, G.C. Hart
· Ultimate Strength Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, R.L. Heeringa and D. I. McLean
· Masonry P-M Diagrams Made Easy, J. G. Tawresey
Vol. 9, No. 1, August, 1990
· Research and Innovation, One and the Same, J.B. Scalzi
· Seismic Response of T-Section Masonry Shear Walls, M.J.N. Priestly and H. Limin
· Masonry Structures in the Chilean Earthquake of March 3, 1985: Behavior and Correlation with Analysis, R.E. Klingner, R. Villablanca, M. Blondet, and R.L. Mayes
· The Influence of Structural Layout and Reinforcement on the Seismic Behavior of Masonry Buildings: An Experimental Study, M. Tomazevic, C. Modena, T. Velechovsky, and P. Weiss
· Investigations of the Collapse of a Medieval Masonry Tower, G.M. Calvi and M.J.N. Priestley
· Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Shear Wall Structures – Monotonic Loading, , F. Seible, H.L. LaRovere, and G.R. Kingsley
· Masonry Flexural Strength vs. Course Height, C.T. Grimm
· Results of a Statistical Study of Masonry Deformability, R.H. Atkinson and G.G. Yan
· Masonry Conversion Factors, S.R. Sanders and H.R. Thomas
· An Alternative Test for Determining the Frost Resistance of Bricks, M.R. Arnott and A.H.P. Maurenbrecher
Vol. 9, No. 2, February, 1991
· Flexural Bond Strength of Concrete Masonry Prisms using Portland Cement and Hydrated Lime Mortars, E.G. Hedstrom, K.M. Tarhini, R.D. Thomas, V.S. Dubovoy, R.E. Klingner, and R.A. Cook
· Seismic Design of Ductile Masonry Walls, G.C. Hart
· Design and Testing of Masonry Slab System, A. Nanni and L.F. Geschwinder
· Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings Subjected to Earthquakes, M. Qamaruddin and B. Chandra
· A Test Program to Determine the Structural Properties of Unreinforced Hollow Clay Tile Masonry Walls at the DOE Oak Ridge Plants, K.E. Fricke and W.D. Jones
· Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry: An Experimental Review, S.K. Ghosh
· Friction at Supports of Clay Brick Walls, W.M. McGinley and J.G. Borchelt
· Failure Criterion for Laterally Loaded Masonry Walls, R. Guggisberg and B. Thürlimann
· Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete Masonry, J. Colville and A.M. Wolde-Tinsae
Vol. 10, No. 1, August 1991
· An Overview of Prestressed Masonry, A.E. Schultz and M.J. Scolforo
· Present and Future Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation of Masonry Structures, D.P. Abrams and J.H. Matthys
· Cyclic Behavior of Joint Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, A.A. Hamid, C. Chia-Calabria, and H.G. Harris
· Distribution of Shear Forces in Walls having Openings, J.E. Saliba and A.J. Sexton
· Flexural Strength of Masonry with Reference to a New Code of Practice for Europe (Eurocode 6), C. Fudge, N. Bright, and A Ohler
· A Limit State Design Criteria for Masonry, G.C. Hart
· Prestressed Clay Brickwork Bridge Abutments, S.W. Garrity and T.G. Garwood
· Bricks for Future Lunar Structures, I.C. Dialer
· Effect of Loading Platen Thickness on Masonry Unit and Prism Strengths, R.H. Atkinson
· U.S. Coordinated Progam for Masonry Building Research: Sixth Year Status, J.L. Noland
Vol. 10, No. 2, February, 1992
· What is Wrong with Brick Masonry Veneer over Steel Studs?, C.T. Grimm
· Expected Value Wall Performance, G.C. Hart
· Engineering Design Provisions for Prestressed Masonry, Part 1 – Masonry Stresses, and Part 2 – Steel Stresses and other Considerations, A.E. Schultz and M.J. Scolforo
· The Effect of Slenderness and End Restraint on the Behavior of Masonry Prisms – A Literature Review, G.R. Kingsley, J.L. Noland and M.P. Schuller
· Computer Program for Analysis of Masonry Shear Walls, A. Nanni and J.S. Juwana
· Evaluating Lateral Strength of Existing Unreinforced Brick Piers in the Laboratory, G.S. Epperson and D.P. Abrams
· Relationship of Earthquake Damage of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls to the Frequency of the Ground Motion, J.C. Kariotis, M.A. Rahman, and A.M. El-Mustapha
· Seismic Isolation and Analysis of the Salt Lake City and County Building, R.L. Mayes, B.I. Sveinsson, and L.R. Jones
Vol. 11, No. 1, August, 1992
· Service Load Design Equations for Unreinforced Masonry Construction, J. Colville
· Thermal Stresses in Composite Masonry Walls, M.A. Rahman and S.C. Anand
· A Proposed Seismic Design Approach for Masonry Shear Walls incorporating Foundation Uplift, D.K. Nakaki and G.C. Hart
· Splitting Tensile and Compressive Strength Relationship of Concrete Paving Blocks, N. Ghafoori, and D. R. Smith
· State-of-the-Art of Concrete Masonry Units, M.K. Tadros, G.L. Krause, B.Amiri and Steve Sweeney
· Stability of Hollow Masonry Walls, J. Colville
· Compressive Strength of Partially Grouted Concrete Masonry Using Small Scale Wall Elements, A.A. Hamid and S.R. Des. Chandrakeerthy
· Old Research on Masonry Bond, H.C. Fischer
· Statistical Requirements for Masonry Testing, R.H. Atkinson
Vol. 11, No. 2, Febraury, 1993
· Reinforced Concrete Masonry Walls under Combined Axial and Flexural Loading, R.A. McLain, D.I. McLean, and T.L. McLain
· The Time-Dependent Behaviour of Masonry Prisms: An Interpretaion, L. Binda and A. Anzani
· Performance of Concrete Masonry Beams, G.C. Hart and J.J.E. Jang
· Structural Reliability Analysis of Concrete Masonry Beams, G.C. Hart and J.J.E. jang
· Clay Brickwork – An Alternative Material for New Highway Structures, S.W. Garrity
· Quality Assessment of Concrete Paving Blocks Using Non-Destructive Measurements of Early-Age Properties, N. Ghafoori and D.R. Smith
· Influence of Confining Steel on Flexural Rsponse of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls, P.B. Shing, E.W. Carter and J.L. Noland
· Flexural Strength of Masonry with Reference to a New Code of Practice for Europe (Eurocode 6), C. Fudge, N. Bright, and A. Ohler
Vol. 12, No. 1, August 1993
· Masonry Vener Anchors and Cavity Wall Ties, C.T. Grimm
· Flexural Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Masonry Walls Built with Masonry Cement Mortar, B.E. Abboud, A. Hamid and H.G. Harris
· A Structural Component Model for Masonry Flexural Walls, Gary C. Hart and J.W. Jaw
· The Effect of Reinforcement on the Shear Response of Grouted Concrete Masonry, M.M Khattab and R.G. Drysdale
· Transverse Strength of Damaged URM Infills, D.P. Abrams, R. Angel, and J. Uzarski
· Preliminary Results from the TCCMAR 5-Story Full-Scale Reinforced Masonry Research Building Test, F. Seible, G. Hegemier, N. Priestley, G. Kingsley, A. Igarashi, and A. Kürkchübasche
· Evaluation of Shear Strength of Reinforced Masonry Walls, P.B. Shing, J.D. Brunner and H.R. Lotfi
· The Seismic Resistance of Historical Urban Buildings and the Interventions in Their Floor Systems: An Experimental Study, M. Toma˛evic, M. Lutman, and P.Weiss
· Mortar Tensile/Compressive Strength Ratio, C.T. Grimm
Vol. 12, No. 2, Febraury, 1994
· Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Masonry Beams Without Web Reinforcement, S.M. Fereig
· Shape Optimization of an Ultra-Lightweight CMU, M.A. Khalifa, M.K. Tadros, S.G. Low, and A.E. Magzoub
· Seismic Resistance of Brick-Infilled Steel Frames With and Without Retrofit, J.B. Mander and B. Nair
· Effects of Time-Dependent Deformations on the Behavior of Reinforced Masonry Columns, H. Ben-Omran, J.I. Glanville, and M.A. Hatzinikolas
· State-of-the-Art of Masonry Retaining Walls, R.K. Devalapura, G.L. Krause, and M.K. Tadros
· Masonry Lintels – Shear Failure Analysis, Z. Soric
· Nonlinear Models for Shear Failure in Confined Masonry Walls, M.O. Moroni, M. Astroza, and S. Tavonatti
· Behavior of Unreinforced Masonry Structures during the 1992 Erzincan Turkey, Earthquake, M. Bruneau and M Saatcioglu
· Effect of the Time of Application of Curing Membranes on Mortar Properties, M.A. Amjad and S.H. Srour
· Delamination of Masonry Pavements, C.T. Grimm
· Masonry Keywords, C.T. Grimm
Vol. 13, No. 1, August, 1994
· Behavior and Design of Multi-Story Masonry Walls Under In-Plane Seismic Loading, G. Leiva and R.E. Klingner
· Influence of Curing Types and Age on Bulk and Surface Properties of Concrete Paving Blocks, N. Ghafoori and B.M Sukandur
· Probabilities, Safety Factors, and Limit State Design, J.C. Kariotis
· Aseismic Strengthening of Historical Stone-Masonry Buildings by Building-Friendly Technologies, M. Toma˛evic, V Apih, and M. Lutman
· Finite Block Analysis of Masonry Arches, J.M. Gebara and A.D. Pan
· Performance of Structures During the Oct. 12, 1992 Cairo Earthquake, A.A. Rahman and K.M. Yousri
· How to Look at a Brick Wall, C.T. Grimm
Vol 13, No. 2, Febraury 1995
· Preliminary Results of the Influence of Shear Connected Wythes on the Ability of Cavity Walls to Carry Vertical Loads, A. Goyal, M.A. Hatzinikolas, and A.E. Elwi
· Lap Splices in Flexurally Loaded Masonry Walls, J.D. Blake, M.L. Marsh, and D.I. McLean
· Evaluation of the Flatjack Test of Brick Masonry, L.F. Kahn and S.E. Turner
· Flexural Bond Strength of Clay Brick Masonry, S.L. Wood
· Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of Masonry by Prism Sampling, R.D. Thomas and M.J. Scolforo
· Test Program on the Seismic Behavior of Confined Masonry Structures, S.M. Alcocer and R. Meli
· Effect of Mortar Shrinkage on In-Plane Stresses in Clay Brickwork, D.P. Abrams
· Use of Masonry as a Building Material in the Arabian Gulf Region, A.A. Hamid
· Masonry Cavity Walls: A Bibliography, C.T. Grimm
Vol. 14. No. 1August, 1996
· Masonry Throughout History, C.T. Grimm
· Structural Response to Bomb Blasts, M.A. Amjad
· A Study of Masonry Arch Bridges Using Finite Element Analysis, N.G. Gong, B.S. Choo, and M.G. Coutie
· Strengthening of Hollow Block Masonry Basement Walls with Plastic Reinforcing Bars, A.A. Hamid
· Effects of Horizontal Confinement on the Behavior of Ancient Masonry Towers, G. Ballio and G.M. Calvi
· Minimum Horizontal Reinforcement Requirements for Seismic Design of Masonry Walls, A.E. Schultz
· Shear Strength of Reinforced Masonry Walls, J.D. Brunner and P.B. Shing
· The Significance of the Gauging System in the Flatjack In-Situ Test, P. Ronca
· Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls, A. Madan, A.M. Reinhorn, and J.B. Mander
· Development and Testing of Prestressed Clay Brick Walls, R.K. Devalapura, G.L. Krause, and M.K. Tadros
Vol. 14, No. 2, December, 1996
· Use of Finite Element in Masonry Structures, J.E. Saliba, R.S. Al-Akkad, and G. Sawaya
· Insulated Concrete Masonry: Theoretical R. Values, T.A. Holm
· Effect of Mortar Air Content on Masonry, C.T. Grimm
· Deterioration of Masonry Surfaces and Surfaces Treatments, L. Binda, P. Rocca, and T. Squarcina
· Development of Plastic-Reinforced Wall Ties, J.Q. Burndette, A.A. Hamid, and J. Larralde
· The Strength of Hollow Masonry Walls Under Concentrated Vertical Loads, P.W. Kleemon, N. DeVitis, and A.W. Page
· Behavior of Unreinforced Brick Masonry under Lateral Cyclic Loading, Y. Zhuge, J. Corderoy, and D. Thambiratnam
· Seismic Retrofitting of URM Walls with Fiber Composites, M.R. Ehsami and H. Saadatmanesh
Vol. 15, No. 1, June, 1997
· Fontana’s Re-Erection of the Obelisk at Saint Peter’s Basilica, C.T. Grimm
· Concentrically and Eccentrically Loaded Concrete Masonry Prisms, F. Khalaf
· Historical Development of Brick Size and Nomenclature, C.T. Grimm
· Material Model for Concrete and Clay Masonry, A. Hamid
· Waste Thermoplastic in Concrete Masonry, M.J. Gawedzinski and D.N. Richardson
· Waste Materials in Brick Manufacturing, E. Ramadan, A.M. Made, and J. Colville
· Deicing Salt Resistance of Concrete Block Pavers, N. Ghafoori and R. Mathis
· Non destructive Evaluation of Masonry Structures using the Impact-Echo Method, T.J. Williams, M. Sansalone, W.B. Streett, R.W. Poston, and A.R. Whitlock
· Performance Assessment of Concrete Masonry Wall Buildings using Monte Carlo Simulation, G.T. Zorapapel, G.C. Hart, and D.M. Frangopol
Vol. 15, No. 2, December, 1997
· Brick in Renaissance Architecture, C.T. Grimm
· Design Criteria and References for Masonry Cavity Walls, C.T. Grimm
· Shear Strength of Masonry Bed Joints, F.M. Khalaf and M.W. Naysmith
· Response of Sand-Lime Mortar Joints to Variable Eccentric Thrust, T.E. Boothby
· Evaluation and Analytical Verification of Shaking Table Data from Infilled Frames, R.E. Klingner, N.R. Rubiano, T.R. Bashandy, and S.C. Sweeney
· Experimental Study of Reinforced Masonry Using Slop-Molded Bricks, P. Walker
· Compressive Behavior of Insulated Concrete Masonry Prisms, S.W. Hawk, D.I. McLean, and T.C. Young
· Flexural and Shear Behavior of Insulated Concrete Masonry Walls, S.W. Hawk, D.I. McLean, and T.C. Young
· Masonry Foundation Wall Systems Under Combined Uplift and Shear Forces, W.M. McGinley and M.J. Scolforo
Vol. 16, No. 1, June, 1998
· Effect of Capping Technique on Observed Compressive Strength of Facing Brick, L.K. Crouch, J.F. Brogdon, R.C. Henderson, and D. Lanham
· Masonry Performance Criteria, C.T. Grimm
· Gypsum Morat in Historic Structures, R.A. Livingston, A.M. Made, and A. Chaturbahai
· Evaluation of Seismic and Wind Resistance of a Low-Rise Masonry Building, N.K. Kristeva and S.D. Schiff
· Structural Performance of Residential Chimneys in Earthquakes, M.J. Scolforo, J. Chrysler, and J.E. Amrhein
· Waste Materials in Block Manufacturing, E. Ramadan, A.M. Made, and J. Colville
· Microwave Noninvasive Detection of Grout in Masonry, K.J. Bois, H. Campbell, A. Benally, P.S. Nowak, and R. Zoughi
· Establishing the Basis for Using Transient Stress Waves for Nondestructive Evaluation of Masonry, T.J. Williams, M. Sansalone, and M. Grigoriu
· Mechanical Properties of Masonry Walls, C.T. Grimm
Vol. 17, No. 1, November, 1999
Technical Papers
General Interest Topics